적

적 U+C801, 적 HANGUL SYLLABLE JEOG Composition: ㅈ + ㅓ + ㄱ ← 저 [U+C800] Hangul Syllables 젂 → [U+C802]

저적젂젃전젅젆 젇절젉젊젋젌젍 젎젏점접젒젓젔 정젖젗젘젙젚젛
쟤 ←	→ 제

Korean

Etymology 1

Sino-Korean word from 敵.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 敵)

1. enemy; opponent; adversary

   적을 얕보다 ― jeog-eul yatboda ― to underestimate one's opponent

   그 분께서는 적과의 싸움에서 한 번도 지지 않으신 명장(名將)이시다.

   Geu bun-kkeseo-neun jeok-gwa-ui ssaum-eseo han beon-do jiji aneusin myeongjang-isida.

   He is a famous general who has not lost a single battle against his enemies.

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 敵 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (敵, jeok).

Etymology 2

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 적 (Yale: cèk), from Proto-Koreanic *cenki, hence, speculatively connected to Proto-Japonic *təki (“time”) (whence Japanese 時 (toki, “time”)), presumably via an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Proto-Japonic (Vovin, 2010 pp. 163-164).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Dependent noun

적 • (jeok)

1. time, occurrence, experience (must be preceded by the adnominal suffix 은 (-eun) or 을 (-eul))

   나는 절대 그런 말을 한 적이 없다.

   Na-neun jeoldae geureon mar-eul han jeog-i eopda.

   I've never said such a thing.

   (literally, “I've never had a time where I said such a thing.”)

   중국에 가 보신 적 있으시나요?

   Junggug-e ga bosin jeok isseusinayo?

   Have you ever been to China?

   (literally, “Have you ever had an experience where you have been to China?”)

Derived terms

• 고릿적 (goritjeok)
• 그적 (geujeok)
• 배냇적 (baenaetjeok)
• 소싯적 (sositjeok)
• 아잇적 (aitjeok)
• 옛적 (yetjeok)
• 올적 (oljeok)
• 요마적 (yomajeok)
• 이마적 (imajeok)
• 이적 (ijeok)
• 저적 (jeojeok)
• 태곳적 (taegotjeok)

 

Related terms

• 그저께 (geujeokke)
• 그제 (geuje)
• 이제 (ije)
• 언제 (eonje)
• 제 (je)

See also

• 때 (ttae, “time”)

Etymology 3

Sino-Korean word from 的.

suffix

An orthographic borrowing from Japanese 的 (-teki) (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 302); see there for more.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 的)

1. (formal) object, target

   Synonym: 대상(對象) (daesang)

   비난의 적 ― binan-ui jeok ― a target of criticism

   • 2021 April 8, “佛(불) 마크롱, 최고 엘리트국립대 '국립행정학교' 폐교 선언 예정”, in Newsis News Agency‎^[1]:

     샤를 드골 대통령이 1945년 창립했던 이 학교는 졸업한 즉시 고위 관리 및 실업계 중직으로 임용돼 프랑스 젊은이들의 선망의 적이 되었으나 현대판 귀족 계급 양성소로 폐쇄적, 배타적이고 혁신성이 결여되었다는 지적을 들어왔다.

     Syareul Deugol daetongnyeong-i cheon-gubaek-sasib-o-nyeon changnip-haetdeon i hakgyo-neun joreop-han jeuksi gowi gwalli mit sireop-gye jungjig-euro imyong-dwae Peurangseu jeolmeuni-deur-ui seonmang-ui jeog-i doeeosseuna hyeondae-pan gwijok gyegeup yangseongso-ro pyeswae-jeok, baeta-jeogigo hyeoksin-seong-i gyeoryeo-doeeot-daneun jijeog-eul deureo-watda.

     Founded by president Charles de Gaulle in 1945, the school, where [students] are hired as high-ranking government officials and business executives upon graduation, has been the object of envy for many young people in France; however, [it] has been criticized for being an institution that is closed, exclusive and lacking in innovation, educating a class of modern aristocrats.

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 的 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (的, jeok).

Suffix

—적 • (-jeok) (hanja 的)

1. -ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of (see usage notes)

Usage notes

• An extremely productive suffix, it attaches to words or roots of Sino-Korean (e.g. 애국적(愛國的) (aeguk-jeok(愛國 的 ), “patriotic”)) or Western origin (e.g. 쇼비니즘적(的) (syobinijeum-jeok, “chauvinistic”)) to form nouns (for whose usage see below).
• Except when directly attributing another word (where monolingual dictionaries usually classify this as a separate 관형사(冠形詞) (gwanhyeongsa, “determiner”)), a noun formed using the suffix does not serve any function on its own and must either be used adnominally / predicatively with 이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula) or adverbially with 으로 (-euro, “as; with”, instrumental case marker). See the following examples:

애국적 행동

aeguk-jeok haengdong

A patriotic act (attributive)

애국적인 행동

aeguk-jeog-i-n haengdong

An act that is patriotic (adnominal)

행동이 애국적이다

haengdong-i aeguk-jeog-ida

The act is patriotic (predicative)

애국적으로 행동하다

aeguk-jeog-euro haengdong-hada

to act patriotically (adverbial)

See also

• Korean terms suffixed with -적 (的)

Etymology 4

Sino-Korean word from 籍.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 籍)

1. Synonym of 호적(戶籍) (hojeok, “family register”)
2. membership, enrollment (in a group such as an army, school, political party, etc.)

   적을 두다 ― jeog-eul duda ― to be enrolled in... / have a membership of...

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 籍 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (籍, jeok).

Etymology 5

적(炙) (jeok)

Sino-Korean word from 炙.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 炙)

1. jeok (a Korean meat dish served with skewers)

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 炙 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (炙, jeok).

Etymology 6

Sino-Korean word from 積.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 積)

1. (arithmetic) product

   Synonym: 곱 (gop)

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 積 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (積, jeok).

Etymology 7

Sino-Korean word from 笛. Doublet of 저 (jeo).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 笛)

1. Synonym of 횡적(橫笛) (hoengjeok)

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 笛 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (笛, jeok).

Etymology 8

Sino-Korean word from 赤.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [적]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jeok
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jeog
McCune–Reischauer?	chŏk
Yale Romanization?	cek

Noun

적 • (jeok) (hanja 赤)

1. Synonym of 적색(赤色) (jeoksaek, “red (colour)”)

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 赤 for Sino-Korean compounds of 적 (赤, jeok).

Etymology 9

Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Syllable

적 (jeok)

Extended content

的: target (eumhun reading: 과녁 적 (gwanyeok jeok)) (MC reading: 的 (MC tek)) 適: hitting (eumhun reading: 맞을 적 (majeul jeok)) (MC reading: 適 (MC syek|tsyek|tek)) 積: (MC reading: 積 (MC tsjeH|tsjek)) 籍: (MC reading: 籍 (MC dzjek)) 赤: (MC reading: 赤 (MC tsyhek)) 績: (MC reading: 績 (MC tsek)) 摘: (MC reading: 摘 (MC treak|thek)) 跡: (MC reading: 跡 (MC tsjek)) 敵: (MC reading: 敵 (MC dek)) 蹟: (MC reading: 蹟 (MC tsjek)) 賊: (MC reading: 賊 (MC dzok)) 寂: (MC reading: 寂 (MC dzek)) 笛: (MC reading: 笛 (MC dek)) 滴: (MC reading: 滴 (MC tek)) 迪: (MC reading: 迪 (MC dek)) 狄: (MC reading: 狄 (MC dek)) 嫡: (MC reading: 嫡 (MC traek|tek)) 謫: (MC reading: 謫 (MC treak)) 迹: (MC reading: 迹 (MC tsjek)) 勣: (MC reading: 勣 (MC tsek)) 荻: (MC reading: 荻 (MC dek)) 吊: (MC reading: 吊 (MC tewH)) 炙: (MC reading: 炙 (MC tsyek)) 翟: (MC reading: 翟 (MC draek|dek)) 鏑: (MC reading: 鏑 (MC tek))

Middle Korean

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡sə̀k/, [t͡ɕə̀k̚]

Dependent noun

적 (cèk) (locative 저긔〮 (cèk-úy))

1. time, occurrence (must be preceded by the adnominal suffix 은 (-un) or 으ᇙ (-ulq))

Descendants

• Korean: 적 (jeok)